Men and Women in Internet and Social Media Real

Introduction: Real Problems in Virtual Communication The differences between genders and the peculiarities of the communication within completely male and completely female mini-societies have always been key issues that allowed a borderline to be drawn between the two genders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Men and Women in Internet and Social Media: Real-Life Stereotypes in the Virtual Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, predetermining men and women’s roles in society, the aspect of communication between the former allow to establish a paradigm for a certain social behavior, which is completely different between the two genders. As Barrett Davidson (2006) stress, â€Å"it has been shown that women and men use email in ways that replicate gender roles and communication style differences in other forms of communication† (133). In the given paper, the specifics of the use of and access to the Internet and social media are discussed. Social Media Use and Access Established long ago and shaped throughout the centuries of human development, the communication within the female and the male mini-communities has taken certain shapes, which, although slightly changed with the advent of feminism, still remain relatively the same, mostly because of the behavioural patterns established for both genders; as Barrett and Davidson (2006) explain, women’s speech patterns â€Å"are asserted in terms of contrast with male norms, which means they are linked with subordinate roles rather than leadership† (p. 10). However, in the sphere of virtual communication and the social media, due to the considerable change of the environment, behavioural patterns might change, which could lead to different attitudes and different specifics of female and male communication and â€Å"suggest new, variant patterns† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 14). By understanding the way new technologies impacts the communication of men and women, it may be possible to determine how the future communication of the two genders will evolve and whether â€Å"using these technologies will retain or change previous research findings about male and female communication patterns, suggest new, variant patterns [†¦]† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 14).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It seems that the cyberspace, first defined as the â€Å"electronic space of data and representations generated, organized, and presented consistently to all viewers connected to a set of globally-networked computers† (Benedikt, 1993), has become much more than merely a storage of facts and information. Entering the sphere of social media and the Internet, people try to determine their new roles and see if the new space differs from the real one (Munusami Ismali, 2009). However, even though the virtual reality allows users to create any image possible and literally break any stereotypes, people still seemingly prefer to act in their online communications according to the gender roles which they have in their real life: â€Å"Because of its anonymity, online communication may be more uninhibited. This may in turn lead to more, rather than fewer, gender-based stereotypical comments† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 133). Analyzing the peculiarities of the communication processes carried out via the Internet and social media, one can see the way gender issues impact the atmosphere and the course of the communication among men and in female circles in the virtual life. When the Virtual Borderline Is Washed Away Online communication differs greatly from the real-life communication, mostly because of the lack of visual support and non-verbal communication. In most cases, the people involved in online communication cannot see each others’ facia l expressions and gestures; as Jones (1998) explained, among the needs that have not been fully satisfied yet, â€Å"the primacy of the visual, the tendency toward the image† (p. 10) â€Å"is being developed† (p. 10). Therefore, allegedly, a user can bend the communication rules much harder in online conversation and reinvent his/her image and even the image of a certain social layer as a whole.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Men and Women in Internet and Social Media: Real-Life Stereotypes in the Virtual Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, at times, the lack of visual or audio information allows to erase the gender differences and make it easier for women to integrate into the online communication. F or instance, the infamous problem concerning the way women’s voices differ from those of men is removed: â€Å"I am convinced that the belief that women’s voice s are high-pitched and shrill is one way of disqualifying women from public speaking† (Spender, 1998, p. 40). The Internet and Men: A King in His Castle When taking a closer look at the way in which men communicate in their online communities, one can see distinctly that the internet and the social media are highly gendered and that there is a certain line drawn between the communication within masculine and feminine circles (Ono Zavodny, 2002). Male communication patterns are quite different and the way men socialize online presupposes different approaches (Munusami Ismali, 2009). To top it all, the aims of men and women in their online conversations and the use of social media are quite different – while women pursue a chance to plunge into a relaxing atmosphere and exchange their impressions with each other, men tend to see the Internet and the social media as a way to establish their superiority, take the lead and train their skills in arguing and drawing conclusi ons (Barrett Davidson, 2006). Taking online conversations as another variation of a hunting game where they have either to lose or to win, men use the Internet as the training ground for their skills. The Media Access: Be the Leader Like in most spheres, men tend to be leaders even in the access to the Internet (Ono Zavodny, 2002). Despite the fact that gender inequality is already a history in most countries, women still have less access to the Internet than men, as Ono and Zavodny (2002) claim.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the latter, â€Å"about 5 percentage points more likely than women to have access to the Internet in 1996 and 1998 – a statistically insignificant gap – but the gap increased to 10 percentage in 1999 and was significant† (p. 3). As the authors assert, the difference in the rates of access opportunities between men and women can be explained by the lack of technical skills among women (Ono Zavodny, 2003). Media Usage: Veni, Vidi, Vici According to Spender (1998), the way men communicate in real and virtual life is developed â€Å"in the interest of promoting their own primacy† (p. 151). Therefore, men use the Internet and the social media in the same way as they address the issues of the real life, which involves â€Å"such masculine behaviours as verbal dueling, arguing, dominating the floor, being cool and reserved† (Cameron, 2000, p. 88), which must be stemming from the well-known â€Å"masculine social privilege† (p. 145). H ence, it appears that men try to establish their superiority with the help of the online communication, thus, enhancing their status even more and reaching the top of their leadership career. According to what Jones (1998) says, the amount of time taken by men during the use of the social media is much greater than the time women usually spend: â€Å"[†¦] if we consider amount of time spent on computers, the type of equipment, and the influence on programming, everywhere the technologically elite overwhelmingly are men† (p. 109). Internet and Women: Treading the New Territory It can be suggested that the media tend to reinforce social and gender stereotypes for adults and, especially, children, offering certain role models to follow and certain patterns which people have to accept as the only ones that are suitable. As Cameron (1992) emphasizes in her Feminism and linguistic theory, Children are treated differently according to sex both inside and outside the family from the moment they are born. Gendered behaviors are modeled or hem, and explicitly taught to them. Peer groups and social institutions (like schooling and mass media) reinforce norms of masculinity and femininity all the time. All these social processes are embedded in language, and all of them contribute to a child’s linguistic development. (p. 181) Therefore, the behavioural patterns among women in Internet and social media display the typical communication style similar to the one which is accepted in the real-life environment: according to the Gender styles in CMC research (n.d.), women â€Å"†¦displayed features of attenuation — hedging, apologizing, asking questions rather than making assertions†¦ [and] and a personal orientation, revealing thoughts and feelings and interacting with and supporting others.† Such stereotypes contribute to shaping children’s vision of gender and sexuality, which prevents from various sexual deviations (Cameron Kulick, 2003). However, it could be argued that such stereotypical perceptions of people are not the kind of attitude that the 21st century world should experience. Thus, it is rather doubtful that the Internet and social media will revolutionize the sphere of female communication and provide the changes that will offer at least a slight change in the social patterns of female communication. The Media Access: New Experience The access to the media in present days seems hardly an issue; owing to the gender equality principles which have already been established, women and men should have the same amount of opportunities in media access (Ono Zavodny, 2002). Since women are no longer oppressed by men, it must be supposed that women should have the same chances to access Internet as men do. Indeed, as Munusami and Ismali (2009) say, However, if we look into today’s education opportunity and technology advancement, Internet access and gender imbalance is not as significant as th e access is readily available for both genders. In other words, there is a democratic space to which both genders have equal excess to the Internet. However, despite all the equal excess opportunity, gender differences are still apparent in the extent and purpose of its usage. (309) In addition, despite the fact that the access to Internet often demands the technical skills and knowledge which men typically possess, women obviously access Internet almost as frequently as men; according to the statistical data offered by James Stewart (n.d.), women access the Internet in 41.8% of cases, while men make 58.2% of users who access the Internet efficiently (5). Hence, women have fewer opportunities to access the Internet. The Media Usage: Careful Exploration In terms of certain violations that users commit when using social media, men display tendencies to practice interruption of communication much more frequently than women; as Coates (2004) explains, the given specifics of male convers ational strategies stems from childhood: â€Å"Sociolinguistic researchers have found that boys in secondary schools interrupt others more than girls do† (p. 192). Rather similar to the latter, though considerably milder, the approach of overlapping is quite a widespread phenomenon for a conversation among women, which allows to suggest that the female communication is also flawed; however, as Coates (2004) explains, overlapping technique is more frequent â€Å"in mixed conversation† (p. 137). Still, it is important to note that the overlapping technique used by women in their communication serves a different purpose from the one of interruption. While the latter is used to demonstrate power and leadership, overlapping keeps the conversation going and prevents its ceasing or becoming uncomfortable and â€Å"may come into conflict over overlapping talk† (Coates, 2004, p. 137). However, the percentage of women using the Internet still remains lower than the percen tage of men; according to Stewart (n.d.), only 41.6% of the Internet users make women, while men make the remaining 58.4% (5). In addition, out of 41.6% of all Internet female users, 41% are at-home users, as Stewart (n.d.) explains. Gendering of the Access to and Use of the Internet: The Comparison To understand how access to and use of the Internet and social media are gendered, one has to compare the peculiarities of the ways in which men and women communicate online. Therefore, the specifics of the online behavior, the perception of both genders online by their partners in conversation and the typical topics of their conversations must be discussed. Thus, the full picture of the online gender issues and the most widespread stereotypes can be obtained and a complete analysis will be conducted. Men and Women in Social Media: The Similarities It is rather peculiar that, disregarding the differences between the two genders, men and women actually display certain similarities in thei r communication strategies, such as the practice of overlapping (Coates, 2004, p. 137). Transferring these strategies into the sphere of the online conversation, both genders create relatively similar patterns of behavior, which make it possible to suggest that the online space can be used as the grounds for breaking the stereotypical ideas about the way men and women communicate. However, taking a closer look at the way women and men nowadays access the social media, it becomes clear that in present days, women and men have relatively equal chances of accessing the Internet and other social media. According to what Munusami and Ismali (2009) say, both genders have the same opportunities in accessing the Internet and seem to make efficient use of their chances: If we look into today’s education opportunity and technology advancement, Internet access and gender imbalance is not as significant as the access is readily available for both genders. In other words, there is a democ ratic space to which both genders have equal excess to the Internet. (p. 309) Therefore, as for access to the Internet and social media, women and men have presumably the same opportunities. Therefore, the access to the social media is gendered according to the modern idea of equality between a man and a woman. Hence, there is very little difference in the specifics of access to the social media between men and women. Men and Women in Social Media: The Differences Mostly because of the fact that people transfer their real-life social roles into the virtual space, men and women display patterns in their online communication, which are similar to those which they demonstrate in real life, e.g., men play the part of leaders, while women prefer not to get involved into online arguments and conflicts, which, according to Barrett and Davidson, â€Å"women were less likely to resolve† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 212). When it comes to the actual use of the Internet and the social m edia, it can be considered that women are more likely to structure their own style of relationships and create their own universe based on the ideas and patterns introduced earlier by men: â€Å"Men certainly play a pathfinder role in adoption of technology, through particular employment distribution, interests, resources and as a result of marketing, but women quickly follow† (Stewart, n.d., p. 5). Creating their cyberspace reality, in most cases women follow the strategy that men used earlier, and do not attempt to create any new concept, thus, only evolving, but not revolutionizing the virtual communication patterns, softening them to make these patterns more â€Å"feminine†: â€Å"Some findings are that men tend to interrupt, take long, sole-speaker turns, and use direct forms, while women tend to use indirect or modalizing strategies† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 52). In the sphere of online communication, men tend to take matters in their own hands, prefer ring to manage the entire process of communication (Cameron, 1998), leading even to the situation when women are isolated from the communication process. Such actions are quite rough, yet rather typical of the male population of Internet users. According to one of the examples offered by Jones (1998), there are certain pages on the Web that have high traffic, with mostly men having online conversations, for instance, in the sphere of business. Men and Women in Social Media: The Results Nevertheless, one must admit that, in certain cases, men and women display complete equality concerning the use of Internet and social media, without splitting into certain categories and showing specific patterns of communication. According to what Al-Deen Iendricks (2011) say, â€Å"However, Gerlich, Browning, and Westermann (2010) found no significant differences between male and female college students in their Internet usage, social media usage, or beliefs about social media sites in generalâ⠂¬  (p. 139). Nevertheless, most people tend to transfer the specifics of their real-life communication in the Internet and social media. Thus, the typical split between male and female culture exists. Whilst allowing the culture of genders to remain stable, the Internet and social media have made it considerably more flexible: â€Å"Our results indicate that there is no longer a gender gap in Internet usage. However, there continues to be a gender gap in frequency and intensity of use, although this gap appears to have diminished over time† (Ono Zavodny, 2002, p. 11). Conclusion: Gender Issues in Virtual Communication It can be concluded that the development of virtual communication and social media allows women and men explore new tactics of communication. Despite the fact that the first steps made by women in the sphere of the online communication and social media life are quite careful, it could be suggested that that the shift in gender roles owes much to the modern so cial media. Although the social media powered by online communication can be used as a powerful weapon to establish even more prejudices concerning the role of a man and a woman in the present-day world, it is evident that women can try a relatively new behaviour within the boundaries of the Internet and may then stretch it even further, into the real-world social life, which will enable the eradication of numerous stereotypes. Reference List Al-Deen, N H, Iendricks, J 2011, Social media: usage and impact, Lexington Books, Idaho Falls, ID. Barrett, M, Davidson, M 2006, Gender and communication at work, Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, UK. Benedikt, M L 1993, Cityspace, cyberspace, and the spatiology of information, the University of Texas in Austin, Austin, TX. Web. Cameron, D 1992, Feminism and linguistic theory, Macmillan, Basingstoke, NY. Cameron, D 1998, The feminist critique of language: a reader, Routledge, London, UK. Cameron, D 2000, Good to talk?, SAGE, London, UK. Cameron, D Kulick, D 2003, Language and sexuality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Coates, J 2004, Women, men and languages, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow, UK. Gender styles in computer-mediated communication, n.d., Georgetown.edu. Web. Jones, S (ed.) 1998, Cybersociety: revisiting computer-mediated communication and  community, SAGE, London, UK. Munusami, K Ismali, M (2009). â€Å"Influence of role on Internet usage patterns at home among academicians†, Journal of International Social Research, 2(9), 308-318. Ono, H, Zavodny, M (2002). Gender and the Internet. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA. Spender, D 1998, Man made language, Routledge, London, UK. Stewart, J n.d., Chapter 2: information society, the Internet and fender. A summary of pan-European statistical data. Web. This essay on Men and Women in Internet and Social Media: Real-Life Stereotypes in the Virtual Communication was written and submitted by user Nakia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Eminem

Biography of Eminem Free Online Research Papers â€Å"And get that motivation to not give up, and not be a quitter, No matter how bad you wanna just fall flat on your face, and collapse† (Mathers). Does this sound like the words of a leader? Marshall Mathers, otherwise known as Eminem, on November 12, 1996, changed the rap world forever. Eminem, the man who George Bush once called, â€Å"the most dangerous threat to American children since polio,† is a leader nonetheless (Eminem: Unlikely Leader). Not every leader has to change the world like Oprah or Rosa Parks. Not every leader has to appeal to everyone, and some people have to have a different outlook for their point to make sense. In Determining the effects Emenem has had on today’s society, it is necessary to look at his early life, musical life, and his life now. Eminem was born Marshall Bruce Mathers III on October 17, 1972 in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the only child of Deborah Nelson Mathers-Briggs and Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr. Deborah was only 15 when Marshall was born and his father abandoned the family when Marshall was 18 months old. Solely his mother in poverty raised him. By the age of 12, Mathers and his mother had moved between various cities and towns in Missouri, before they settled in Warren, Michigan. Mathers never spent more than three months at a time in one school, due to bullying. After failing the ninth grade for three times in a row, he quit school, but it is noted that he does not consider himself stupid and does not advise that people should follow his example. On December 25,1995, with long time girlfriend Kim Scott, his daughter, Hailie Jade Scott was born. Having nothing to lose at all, flat broke and not knowing where he would be living the next week, Marshall set out to rant about life in general, the set quickly ca ught the ear of hip-hop underground. Being a rap fan for most of his life, Marshall began rapping at the early age of four. Rhyming words together, battling schoolmates in the lunchroom brought joy to what was otherwise a painful existence. At the age of 14, he began to get very serious about his rapping but it wasnt until he was 17 that he actually made a name for himself, becoming MM, which he would later respell as Eminem.† Being rejected by most fellow rappers because of his race, Marshall grew an anger that flows through his music to this day. Half the people that have heard his music call it nothing but profanity, but he just says what everyone else is to scared too. Forcing himself on radio shows, freestyle battles, Marshall threw himself head first into the rap game. Being turned down left and right he had to literally fight to make things happen for him. His very first album was titled Infinite and, while the album sold less than a thousand copies, it was the gearing up stages for the rapper who later bec ame a millionaire. What came out of this was the Slim Shady EP (single); the early work for the later Dr. Dre revised Slim Shady LP (long play). Down to nearly his last dime, he went into the 1997 Rap Olympics in Los Angeles, basically hoping to win the $1,500 cash price, which he and his family badly needed. After battling for an hour and throwing back every race diss thrown at him, Marshall made it to second place losing in a slip up. Furious that he had lost, Marshall did not even notice that he had been spotted. In the crowd were a few producers from Interscope, and they were handed a copy of the Infinite tape by way of a demo. Dr. Dre got to hear it, and eventually tracked him down. The two instantly hit it off, recording four songs in their first six hours of working three that made it to his first LP. After the album was finished, Dr. Dre asked Marshall to come work with him on his new album. He helped produce several tracks and was on the best songs of the album. Mathers di d not except anyone to just give him anything. He knew that whatever he wanted he had to fight for, and everything that he had earned he went through blood, sweat, and tears to get. The start of 2000 showed really just how well Eminem was doing when he was nominated for 2 Brit Awards, won 2 Grammy Awards for Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Album and won another 4 awards The Online Hip-Hop Award for Best Artist Web Site, Best New Artist, Hottest Music Video and a Detroit Music Award for Outstanding National Album. He would now release his next LP The Marshall Mathers LP which flew off the shelves selling over 1.7 Million copies in the first week making a new record for a solo artist. This album did not come without any controversy. His mother filed a defamation lawsuit against him for 1 million dollars, which would end up being dismissed and accusations of homophobia and sexism mostly centering on the songs Kill You and Kim would be an ongoing battle over Eminems lyrics even today. Within a month The Marshall Mathers LP went five times platinum and topped the pop LP charts for eight weeks, the RB LP charts for 4 weeks and the internet album charts for two weeks. At the end of the year The Marshall Mathers LP went seven times platinum and was recognized as the second biggest selling LP in the United States with sales of over 7.9 million copies. In 2001 The Marshall Mathers LP went eight times Platinum and Eminem released his next LP, The Eminem Show which sold over 1.3 Million copies in the first week and went four times Platinum within two months by the end of the year The Eminem Show was the top selling LP of the year with over 7.6 million sales. He would now go into the movies and started filming 8 Mile which pulled in $54 Million in the first weekend after its release in October. Eminem would then go on to release a further two LPs, Encore and Curtain Call and would be presented with tons of awards for his music. Today most could say Eminem is probably one of the greatest rappers in the game. He dose not just rap about â€Å"bitches and hoes† and â€Å"getting money† like other rappers, but about his life experiences and the controversy with his music. Despite the controversy he sold millions of records around the world, and no; he is not a â€Å"wigger,† he is not trying to act black, he just raps. Who ever said that only black people could rap? Eminem has earned the respect of millions. Looking at it from a different point of view one could say it is like Jim Braddock in Cinderella Man. Braddock starts fighting again to support his family during the depression, because it is all he knows. He had nothing else to lose he was broken-down, beaten-up and out-of-luck. He had only one fight at first, one opportunity. He ended up losing, but he did not just lose he lost with pride he earned respect. Giving up was not an option. After that one fight more opportunities came about , and this forty-year-old man ended up coming out on top of the fighting industry. Eminem came from nothing and paved his own way for success. Irony at its finest, a white person ruling a predominantly black industry, just like an old man ruling an industry manly led by younger men. People can say Jim Braddock was a leader but then they will say Eminem is not. They were both working to supporting their family, but they took different approaches toward accomplishing it. They both did what they knew how. â€Å"Eminem: Unlikely leader.† Military Photos. Net. 29 Oct.2004. Online Mathers, Marshall. â€Å"Till I Collapse.† The Eminem Show. 2002. 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4 signs that your manager is the problemâ€not you

4 signs that your manager is the problem- not you Are you having problems at work? If so, you’re not alone, and it’s not something you should ignore. Most of us spend a significant portion of our lives at work- way too much time to be constantly unhappy or submerged in an uncomfortable environment. And the truth is, there’s a wide array of possible explanations for why you’re having issues- including many that aren’t really your fault, and might be a problem of poor management. Much like our family members, the vast majority of us don’t get to pick our bosses, which means that we’re often in the passenger seat regarding who we report to on a daily basis. In a perfect world, our managers would be great people and shining examples of professionalism, individuals whom we can aspire to emulate as we learn and grow on the job.Unfortunately, we don’t live in a perfect world, and most of us aren’t lucky enough to work with perfect managers. In fact, some of us find ourselves wo rking alongside problematic managers who really exert a negative energy and adversely impact the ability of others to do their jobs.Does this sound like the situation you’re in? If so- or if you’re finding yourself unhappy at work and are unsure if the problem lies with you or your manger- then keep a lookout for the following 4 signs that just might indicate that your manager is indeed the source of the problem.Everyone is having similar issuesAlthough your knee-jerk reaction to a less than ideal work environment might be that the problem lies in others and not you, you should take a step back and try to gain some perspective on the situation. If you think your manager might be the source of your problem at work, then listen to what others are saying. If you’re the only one who’s having a problem with your manager, then maybe the situation isn’t as black and white as you think, and you may benefit from taking a deeper look at your involvement and role (hopefully in an effort to make improvements). However, if others are also reporting problems (or show dismay at how your manager does business on a daily basis), it’s a good indication that they are the problem- not you.Productivity is downOne of the truly unfortunate side effects of having a problematic manager is that not only are they difficult to work with, but they also tend to negatively impact the workflow and productivity of the department or team they lead. This impact can be profound and quite apparent- everything from decreased efficiency and productivity to poor intradepartmental and interdepartmental communication and collaboration can result from the ill effects of an unchecked managerial bad seed. If your team or department is in chaos and productivity is down- and your manager simply refuses to right the ship or is unable to- then it’s pretty clear that there’s a problem.People are unhappyWhen a team reports to a problematic manager and the situation goes unchecked for too long without a course correction, the end result is often a sharp dip in morale alongside an uptick in stress and anxiety- not a recipe for employee happiness. And when employees are unhappy, it’s hard to imagine anything positive, productive, or innovative resulting. If the people who report to your manager are unhappy, then it doesn’t take an HR professional to deduce that there may be a problem at the top that needs to be addressed.People are leavingAn extreme result of employees being too unhappy for too long is that they tend to jump ship and seek out opportunities on different teams, in other departments- and at other companies. Are you noticing a trend of employees who report to your manager fleeing their positions in droves? If so, then it’s a classic red flag that there’s an unresolved problem with your manager that needs to be addressed.If you’re having a problem at work, the only path to improvement is t o first diagnose the problem, including from where- or who- the issue originates. Use the signs covered here to help you determine if the problem lies in your manager, so you can start the process of working towards a satisfying resolution for you and your career.

International Economic History since 1870 Essay

International Economic History since 1870 - Essay Example The plan of new economic financial system produced by the United Kingdom and the USA was aimed to remedy some imbalances of pre war economic financial system of gold standard. Such huge economic problems as the volatility of the floating exchange rates, dependence of the countries on the adjustment mechanisms, had been frequently resolved either by recession and deflation or by inflation and rapid expansion. New conference led to the establishment of the new fund International Monetary Fund that was destined to remedy some imbalances in the world economy.2 New mechanism devised by the countries provided for the system with fixed yet adjustable exchange rates; those countries that experienced payment deficits could borrow necessary funds from created monetary fund, whereas the nations with the payment surpluses could lend funds; the agreement also envisaged the change of the exchange rates if the financial steps taken by the Governments were not able to resolve the problem of the payment deficits. In sharp contrast with the pre war period, dollar rather than gold was set as the world reserve currency, other nations provided dollar values for their currencies; the value of the currency of other country in dollar or par value was maintained by the national banks of nations. For instance the United Kingdom set $ 2.80 per British pound; all banks of the nations participants of the Fund agreed to maintain the values of their currencies within 1 percent of the par value of the currency. 3 However, the initial success of the newly created financial system depended on the post war economic recovery especially in the European countries; the USA was almost the only developed country that had strong and stable economy at the end of 1945. The economies of most of the European countries had been devastated by the conflict and required large amount of technical and financial assistance to restore pre war levels of economic development. 4 Despite the fact that over 5 billion dollars had been granted to European nations by 1947, most of these funds were spent on some short-term emergencies and no long term plan of economic recovery had been developed. Apart from economic reasons to restore economies of Europe, the plan was also aimed to check the spread of Communism in some of the countries of Western and Southern Europe; as there was a real threat that leftist parties might win the election throughout whole Western Europe, or that some politicians might be tempted to rebuild s hattered economy of Europe by communist methods. Naturally these prospects were not greeted with enthusiasm in the United States, neither the USA could allow European continent to succumb to this Communist threat. Despite the fact that plan was developed with the purpose to check the communism, yet all nations including the countries of the Communist block were invited to participate in the program; latter countries of the Eastern Europe were forced to refuse to participate in

Government Inefficiency and Policy Implications of Economic Research Essay

Government Inefficiency and Policy Implications of Economic Research - Essay Example Sections 861(b) and 862(b) state generally how to determine taxable income for a taxpayer with income sources within or without the United States after such source has been determined. Regulation 1.861-8 provides more information on allocating state and local taxes to U.S. - and foreign-source income (Kozub 2010, p.1). In return, we could see the effects of taxes in our country thru, for example, roads for better accessory of goods coming from farm to local markets and for better transportation; public schools to ensure the education of our children and our children’s children; and public funds to support and aid the citizens in terms of calamities and unforeseen disasters. Well, these are good aspects of tax in our society in which it ensures a good future for us and for the next generation. What seem to be erroneous so to speak now are the urge of the government and the abuse in the use of tax. We all know that the government highly depends upon its citizen’s support to make its substructure work. In the article made by Crane (2010, p.1), she criticized and questions the imposition of tax to the extent that everything that people do, the government will levy tax. It is also shown in her article the question on blurred distinction between income tax and property tax wherein the so-called right to jus fruendi or the right to use the fruit of the property is assumed to be just a constitutional right that is vested upon the citizens because of the unclear dissimilarity of the property and income tax. She made use of the farm, being a property as an example wherein â€Å"If the value of an asset that one assessor claimed had arisen in any one year, perhaps when the crops were first harvested, could be taxed again in another year (simply because that first year's base was used again as the measure of the tax), and then again when the value was transformed into a security, and then again when that security was transformed into cash, what was the diffe rence between a property tax and an income tax?† (1). Issues and Problems on taxes What I want to raise here as an issue would be the redundancy of the taxes that are being imposed on the citizens. The government is now being misunderstood because instead of him intervening in the affairs of the people, it is now the people intervening in the affairs of the government and making profit out of it. Thus, people discover the government not as a privileged position to serve the people, but rather, as a situation and a place of income, using the money of its citizens. As a result, heavy taxes are levied and other forms of it are implemented to gain more income, having in mind that the people could not resist it because it is mandated by the law. Moreover, the espousal of income taxes did not inevitably flow from economic forces, but rather was conditioned by social and political power and complex historical processes (Mehrotra 2010, p.1). History will show us that these kind of tax is a by-product of the excessive expenditure of the government in wars that they are engaged to or the destruction incurred are in large scale. They put the burden to the people to restore the economic power of the state, therefore, making the government to be financially strong again in the international arena because state and the government can hardly be distinguished nor separated. The government dictates what the people should do in

Waste Management and Milestone Submission Essay Example for Free

Waste Management and Milestone Submission Essay Overview The final project for this course is the creation of a Case Analysis. In 2006, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought charges against Waste Management and some of its executives. You must research these charges and answer the questions below. Review the SEC Release 1532 here. In a well-structured analysis, you will answer a set of questions regarding the case against Waste Management. Begin your research in Module Eight. Use any additional resources presented and the Waste Management financial statements and reports as needed. The Analytical Procedures Worksheet and the ICF-CX16 Vulnerability Worksheet are located in the Assignment Guidelines and Rubrics section of the course. The project is divided in to three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Eight, Nine, and Ten. Objectives To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to apply what you have learned in this course and should include several of the following course objectives: 1. Review, detect, and investigate possible financial statement fraud 2. Use various techniques to identify financial statement fraud 3. Explore substantive analytical procedures Main Elements Background: 1. When did the SEC file charges against some senior executives of Waste Management? 2. Who was charged relevant to the above? 3. What were the charges? 4. What is a â€Å"disgorgement of ill-gotten gains†? Summary: 1. What were some of the â€Å"improper accounting practices† used by Waste Management? Please be specific as to what Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP) was violated. 2. What impact did the fraudulent behavior identified above have on the published financial statements? Please be specific. 3. What non-accounting fraudulent things did Waste Management do? 4. What was the motivation for the executives to commit fraud? 5. Identify the executives and other employees of Waste Management who were charged in the fraud, and identify the punishment for both the employees and Waste Management. 6. What did the company have to do to correct the issuance of the incorrect financial information, and what was the quantifiable effect of Waste Management’s practices on the pre-tax income/loss? Analysis: 1. What were the red flags that should have been observed but were not? Please be specific and state how they could have been used by an investor/creditor to help identify the fraud. 2. Identify processes and techniques that could have been applicable to detect the fraud. Write a five- to seven-page, well-researched, and well-written response to the questions. Cite all sources using APA format. Format Milestone One: Background In Evaluate 8.2 you will submit a draft if the Background section of your Final Case Analysis. This milestone is not graded. You will receive formative feedback from the instructor to be used to make revisions. This submission will affect Final Product grade under â€Å"Milestone submission†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Milestone Two: Rough Draft In Evaluate 9.2 you will submit a rough draft of your Final Case Analysis. This milestone is not graded. You will receive formative feedback from the instructor to be used to make revisions. This submission will affect Final Product grade under â€Å"Milestone submission†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Milestone Three: Final Case Analysis In Evaluate 10.2 you will submit the Final Case Analysis. It should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the main elements of the final product. It should reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This milestone will be graded using the Final Product Rubric. Final Case Analysis Rubric Requirements of submission: Written components of projects must follow these formatting guidelines when applicable: double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and discipline-appropriate citations. The Final Analysis should be 5 to 8 pages in length. Failure to adhere to these requirements of submission will result in the paper not being graded. Instructor Feedback: Students can find their feedback in the grade book as an attachment.

Essay --

Illegal immigration has deemed to be an issue of domestic policy for the United States of America. According to statistics over 11 million people are living in the United States without legal documentation infringing immigration law. This is something the United States has been concerned for over a long period of time. Although a real solution has yet to be enforced, many illegal immigrants were a result of the â€Å"open border era†, however today many get through by visa overstay. Not only has the government addressed this issue to be an economic and security threat, but those opposed to the problem also find illegal immigrants a threat to society. Today, the views have shifted in present society focusing on benefits immigrants may bring to the country although a negative presence still exists among them. Furthermore, in this paper I will outline how illegal immigration is deemed to be a problem, the successes and failures in facilitating solutions for the problem, and weig hing out the costs and benefits of illegal immigration. Nevertheless, the population of ethnic minorities in the United States continues to increasingly dominate over Native Americans with greater challenges at stake. How has illegal immigration deemed to be such a threat to the United States? First, the fact that over 11 million people were able to cross borders illegally without proper documentation shows that the immigration system in the United States has failed. The term â€Å"illegal† induces negative stereotypes as is and â€Å"stresses criminality and otherness† (Passel and Fix) which allows the public to perceive illegal immigrants as bad people, because those â€Å"who break laws must be punished and a failure to punishment is immoral† (Passel and Fix). However this d... ...nomy of the United States. Proclamations have been made in which have failed due to inner problems within political groups or financial matters of the State. Today, Obama has issued an immigration reform with a solution of putting an end and securing the increasing population of immigration. Furthermore, with the future creation of stricter policies in regards to the immigration population, there is prospect for effective solutions. Thus, illegal immigrants have more of a positive impact on the overall society than negative. They evidently bring diversity to the country, increase employment rates of US businesses, and facilitate in a stronger population and global connections. The issue of illegal immigration should therefore focus on effective solutions for implementing security and protection not only for the country but for the immigrants residing in it as well. Essay -- Illegal immigration has deemed to be an issue of domestic policy for the United States of America. According to statistics over 11 million people are living in the United States without legal documentation infringing immigration law. This is something the United States has been concerned for over a long period of time. Although a real solution has yet to be enforced, many illegal immigrants were a result of the â€Å"open border era†, however today many get through by visa overstay. Not only has the government addressed this issue to be an economic and security threat, but those opposed to the problem also find illegal immigrants a threat to society. Today, the views have shifted in present society focusing on benefits immigrants may bring to the country although a negative presence still exists among them. Furthermore, in this paper I will outline how illegal immigration is deemed to be a problem, the successes and failures in facilitating solutions for the problem, and weig hing out the costs and benefits of illegal immigration. Nevertheless, the population of ethnic minorities in the United States continues to increasingly dominate over Native Americans with greater challenges at stake. How has illegal immigration deemed to be such a threat to the United States? First, the fact that over 11 million people were able to cross borders illegally without proper documentation shows that the immigration system in the United States has failed. The term â€Å"illegal† induces negative stereotypes as is and â€Å"stresses criminality and otherness† (Passel and Fix) which allows the public to perceive illegal immigrants as bad people, because those â€Å"who break laws must be punished and a failure to punishment is immoral† (Passel and Fix). However this d... ...nomy of the United States. Proclamations have been made in which have failed due to inner problems within political groups or financial matters of the State. Today, Obama has issued an immigration reform with a solution of putting an end and securing the increasing population of immigration. Furthermore, with the future creation of stricter policies in regards to the immigration population, there is prospect for effective solutions. Thus, illegal immigrants have more of a positive impact on the overall society than negative. They evidently bring diversity to the country, increase employment rates of US businesses, and facilitate in a stronger population and global connections. The issue of illegal immigration should therefore focus on effective solutions for implementing security and protection not only for the country but for the immigrants residing in it as well.

Couples Therapy on Interpersonal Communication Essay

I want to thank you for coming to our facility and inquiring about our couples therapy program. I am sure that both of you will learn an abundant of information from this five week session of all interpersonal communication; so that you both can build a solid foundation with in your marriage as well as your communication with your children. There are couples that may not notice but there is a lot more than just going to the movies or deciding what restaurant to eat. Communication is the foundation to any relationship weather it be intimate or friendly. With our Interpersonal Communication Program, it can guide couples newly weds or married, exactly what component is missing in order to have a stable and healthy relationship. As we have discussed, that there are five key elements to help create a stronger relationship within your marriage using our Interpersonal Communication Program. Even though self-concept, defensive and supportive messages as well as behavior, can create positive and negative communication climates to a relationship. An important factor in communication is expressing self-disclosure; it can manage the couple’s relationship and their interactions with each other. Most couples have miscommunication issues due to lack of communication. In order to help their relationship in a healthy way, couples must express themselves through emotional intelligence, verbal and non-verbal communication, attitude, behavior and perception. You both came in my office as an individual private consultation because Mrs. Simpson had contacted me regarding her concern about a neglecting issue within your marriage. As Mrs. Simpson discussed, that you Mr. Simpson work a full time job at the Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk power plant. That there are times that your boss, Mr. Burns would ask you to do special projects that involved having to work long hours and that the family barely see you come home. I am sure that this is a lot of stress for your wife Marge as she is currently a house wife, and has been planning to tell you that she want to pursue a career on the side. I understand that this could lead to some pressure to you Homer that you would have to configure each other’s schedule and this might be a problem with your current position with the power plant. This issue concerns both of your emotional intelligence when it comes to decision-making. Both of you need to know how to use your emotions properly in the relationship so you both do not upset each other. I want to share this article with both of you; it is about how couples can control each other’s emotions. â€Å"Emotional Intelligence in Couples Therapy: Advances from Neurobiology and the Science of Intimate Relationships. † Author Blume illustrates how couples control each other’s emotions through the brain with the use of Pragmatic Experiential Therapy for Couples (PET-C). I know that you are concerned Mr. Simpson, and I can assure you that this would not effect your behavior at work. Therefore, there is no need to worry. I can suggest that you both try this experiment, as it is optional in the program. The article states that, â€Å"Couples as extremely active at an emotional level, each partner shifting in and out of seven different emotional states that create confusion as they alter reality. † (Blume, 2006) I certainly believe that this will be a good starting point in finding out about how you both can control your emotions for each other using PET-C. You asked what PET-C is, â€Å"Pragmatic-Experiential Therapy for Couple starts with the pragmatic; it is assumed that partners can learn about relationship habits that predict success, and they are taught skills to help them reproduce those habits with each other. † (Blume, 2006) Yes, this is something new we have obtained in the facility and it would be best if you both try it. Homer, you asked how could PET-C help you both with your emotional intelligence. With the PET-C it determines what type of relationship you both may have, your habits and how both of you can predict success. Both of you are taught skills that can enhance the performance in your relationship. It only makes sense that you both and any other couples act upon communication using emotions for each other. Study shows that the emotional brain is the one that controls how the couples should feel for each other. Although the PET-C assessment may help you both determine your relationship in the emotional level. It is not dependable in the end and that you both need to understand how to control your emotions by communication about the problems. As much as it is important to control the emotional brain, couples also need to recognize how words have the power to create and affect attitudes, behavior, and perception. I assume that you both rarely communicate because of the schedule conflict you both have at home. Surely your kids also see this and are curious is to why their father is barely home and why there is not that much family time as there was before. It is important to know the basic principles of human communication before you start to build a relationship with others. In the pamphlet, that I have given you it gives you an insight of what human communication is, how we use it everyday and other people’s perception with our attitude and behaviors. Incase your wondering where I am coming from, â€Å"Communication as a process by which we share ideas or information with other people. Characteristics of voice communicate messages, and we communicate, as well, with eyes, facial expressions, hand gestures, body position, and movement. † (Sole, 2011) Marge, surely you have expressed this many times with your children and your children are aware of their behavior because they know that you will discipline them. One of the most obvious benefits of human communication is that it allows people to share thoughts, feelings, experiences, and views of the world. † (Sole, 2011) You are curious is to why are the basic principles of human communication important? Simple, communication will guide us to how we can build a relationship with other people. Knowing the basics can help determine how well we connect with other people. With communication, it allows people to share their insights of themselves and learn about the other person. With the learning the basics of human communication, it will guide those who are not used to communicating with others. Their words will affect their character by attitude, behavior, and their perception. Marge, as you do gardening outside the lawn try waving to your neighbors when you see them this is a sample of basic communication. You are not actually having a conversation with them, but just a simple â€Å"wave† your actions tells that person that you are showing positive communication by waving. Homer, you try it too. You said you wear a chemical proof suit when you are working with nuclear chemicals, how do you communication with your co-workers, using hand gestures and sign language? However, you display your communication without actually having a conversation but simple hand gestures is also basic communication. Having knowledge of the basics is just first hand into communication; understanding how perceptions, emotions, and non-verbal expressions affect interpersonal relationships is an important factor in a couple’s relationship. It is important that you both can sense each other’s moves, almost as if it is a mutual understanding. The perceptions on how one may react to something that is non-verbal can affect your relationship not only to each other but to your children as well, if you do not carefully communicate with each other. Let us just shy away from the topic of you two for a second and let us talk about your children. â€Å"Nonverbal communication is defined as communication of message without words, which means that it encompasses a wide range of vocal and visual signs of behaviors. (Sole, 2011) Non-verbal communication is important to all ages, but especially so when interacting with your children. Take Maggie, your youngest daughter for example. A toddler or an infant may not have well-developed verbal skills as yet; nevertheless, they do listen to your tone of voice and watch your facial expressions and body language as you talk to them. Soon Maggie will recognize and read your feelings through nonverbal communication. This is the essential first step of communication that she learns from you both as parents being around her. It goes the same way for Bart and Lisa, although they are no longer in their young stage it is more work to understand that they are reaching their teenage phase. â€Å"People vary in their ability to send and receive nonverbal communication, and difficulty in understanding or interpreting nonverbal messages can be a serious handicap in interpersonal communication. † (Sole, 2011) You both wonder why it is important to use nonverbal communication thoroughly. Nonverbal communication is as simple as using gestures with hands as I mentioned before by greeting your neighbors or communicating with co-workers. It is important that you both understand nonverbal communication to avoid conflict. Some may have difficulty expressing them, like Maggie so they use nonverbal communication. It is important that you both analyze your nonverbal communication so that the other person does not get the wrong perception and it could affect interpersonal behavior in couples as well as your children. Besides nonverbal communication, you both need to recognize how self-concept, defensive and supportive messages, and behaviors create a positive and negative communication climates. Before we can truly change our relationships, we must first look deeply at ourselves, what beliefs we cling to, what decisions we may have made long ago that may be at the root of our relationship problem or that are preventing us from experiencing our full range of emotion. Self-concept is how one would present themselves to others; it could be a positive or a negative effect. Self-concept can be defined as an appraisal of your own attributes and competencies. † (Sole, 2011) Marge, as females our culture vulnerability is associated with femininity, in refusing to ever appear vulnerable, you had given up many pleasures of being a woman. Every person, to have balanced relationships, must be able to sometimes be vulnerable and sometimes be strong. â€Å"Throughout life, you have an infinite number of opportunities to express yourself and to interact with people. These people may express opinions about your behavior by smiling or frowning at you or by making verbal judgments about your behavior or appearance. † (Sole, 2011) Self-concept is important for a couple’s relationship. Who says a man cannot be vulnerable or sensitive? Who says a man cannot cry? Who says a career woman with a family cannot also be fun loving and carefree? A sensitive man can be strong. A woman can be sexy and feminine and stay in control. When couples communicate, they learn about each other through self-concept. Self-concept is how you may present yourself to each other, who or they are and your attributes. While you both get to know each other, in the beginning you get to know each other through self-concept. Your behaviors can send defensive and supportive messages towards each other, which can result to positive and negative communication climates. Which brings to if both of you are too self involve, it could generate a negative message of being selfish. Alternatively, can be a pet peeve if Homer for example dislikes your personality Marge. The importance of self-concept is how both of you attract each other and what qualities you both bring to the table. The fears that caused us to limit our full range of feelings might have been useful in the past, but may well be obsolete and wreaking havoc in our important relationships. In this program, each couple learns about others self-concept, however, to avoid a rocky relationship couples must share some self-disclosure. They also need to evaluate appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships. This is why I advise you both to continue with the five-week program here in our facility. This program is not only for newly wed couples, it is also designed to help distress married couples repair their relationship to where it was. I know that it may not be the honeymoon stage but surely, with this program can help you bring each other back to what it used to be and that is recognizing the quality of communication. â€Å"Quality communication is defined somewhat differently from study to study, but research consistently has shown a link between happy marriages and â€Å"self-disclosure,† or sharing your private feelings, fears, doubts, and perceptions with your partner. (Schoenberg, 2011) In the brochure that I have provided, we have a ten-minute session with the couples. We took in consideration of the article, which is also in the pamphlet called, â€Å"Can we talk? Researcher talks about the communication in happy marriages. † The author discuss that even having ten minutes a day to talk can bring a couple closer together and could build on their marriage. In the ten-minute session, we have the couples set up to have at least ten minutes of conversation. It does not have to be difficult or subjective just something simple as to â€Å"How is your day? On the other hand, in your case talk about the progress Maggie has made, how successful Lisa had advance to Jazz Band, and maybe even how Bart did not have to see Principal Skinner today. Regardless of any type couple self-disclosure and affective affirmation is important to avoid separation or possibly divorce. Ten minutes a day is ideal for couples to communicate than no communication at all. Concisely, should couples need to help understand how to have a strong relationship, they would need to learn about themselves before they seek other people. You both need to understand that there is more to just being in a relationship or being married with each other and that communication is the benefactor to a healthy relationship. Five key elements that we have talked about will help build a strong foundation for both of you using the Interpersonal Communication Program. In order to help the relationship in a healthy way, both of you must express each other through emotional intelligence verbal and nonverbal communication, attitude, behavior, and perception. Even though self-concept, defensive, supportive messages, and behaviors create positive and negative communication climates to a relationship. Interpersonal communication could bring you both closer together especially by expressing self-disclosure, it can improve both of your relationship and your interactions with each other. It is understandable that any couples go through a rocky phase, and our Interpersonal Communication Program can be a change of effect on how couples like you Mr. and Mrs. Simpson understand each other and avoid conflict that can ruin a relationship and in your case your marriage. Successful communication is a not a synonym for agreement. Your ability to exchange your thoughts and feelings clearly with your spouse does not imply your agreement. There may be stress from a job outside the house and from household task. Successful communication helps each person release stress, and supports each partner by acknowledging both parties’ contributions to the newly formed nuclear family. An obvious example is Homer, working hard to support the family and you Marge taking care of the children. You both need to communicate clearly about each other’s jobs and responsibilities, so there will not be any confusion or negligence. Effective communication is an excellent tool for new and experienced parents to use, share their feelings, and to express their appreciation to each other. I am looking forward and hope to see you both in the future, and to fully complete the program. I anticipate that this will help you decide together if this is the next step to rebuild your relationship and your family. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me.

In “Tree At My Window” by Robert Frost Essay

In â€Å"Tree At My Window,† Robert Frost addresses a tree growing outside of his bedroom window with these words: â€Å"But tree†¦You have seen me when I slept, †¦ I was taken and swept / And all but lost. / That day she put our heads together, / Fate had her imagination about her, / Your head so much concerned with outer, / Mine with inner, weather.† In these lines Frost conveys several emotions and themes that infiltrate many of his works. These common themes include darkness, nighttime, isolation, inner turmoil and the premonition of death. It is through these recurring images that we are able to glimpse into Robert Frost’s life, and see how greatly his life effected his poetry. Robert Frost endured many emotional hardships in his life. Some of the most significant and tragic, are the many deaths in his immediate family. By the time Frost was 27, he had lost both of his parents, his son Elliott, as well as his grandfather, the man who had served as a surrogate father to him after the death of his own father when he was only 11. By the time Frost was 62, he was forced to commit his sister Jeanie to a mental hospital. He had also lost three more of his seven children (one to a miscarriage), as well as his wife Elinor, the love of his life. Five years later, his son Carol committed suicide. â€Å"Spring Pools† is a reflection on Frost’s inner emotions in dealing with the deaths of his children. The â€Å"pools, that though in forests, still reflect / The total sky almost without defect,† are his children. He speaks of their innocence, and the fact that they are too young to know the imperfections of the world, too young to be jaded, or even scared of their forthcoming death. The poem is entitled â€Å"Spring Pools,† however; it does not give an illusion of Spring in the traditional senses of newness, rejuvenation, joy & rebirth. Rather the term â€Å"spring† is used in the title in much the same way as the term â€Å"Spring lamb,† an animal whose only purpose behind being born is to be slaughtered at the end of the season. The trees and roots are symbolic of both death and God. He implores the â€Å"trees that have it in their pent-up buds / to darken nature† to â€Å"think  twice before they use their powers / To blot out and sweep away / These flowery waters.† He is literally begging God to reconsider when bringing death upon his children, yet he knows that he is not the force controlling the situation. He knows that his children â€Å"will like the flowers beside them soon be gone.† The fresh pools, â€Å"from snow that melted only yesterday,† are spoke of with a touch of nostalgic innocence. Frost puts both himself and Elinor, in the poem as, â€Å"a flower beside [the pools].† In referring to the â€Å"pools† as â€Å"flowery waters,† he is not only showing the parental bond between the â€Å"pools† and the â€Å"flower[s] beside them,† but also intensifying the image that the â€Å"pools† are soft, young and innocent. He speaks of their premature death, â€Å"not out by any brook or river, / But up by roots to bring dark foliage on† with deep-rooted feelings of loss brought on by his own personal tragedy. â€Å"Spring Pools† contains within its lines the themes of darkness, sadness, and inevitable death. It shows Frost’s struggle to control occurrences in his life that are virtually insuperable. At the end of the poem, he slowly comes to terms with the uncertainty of life, and he begins to resolve his feelings of contempt for the collective world. Frost is rarely satisfied or resolved with his choices, however he is accepting of his future uncertainties. At the end of most of Frost’s poems, he has generally resolved or come to terms with his emotional and mental turmoil. Many of his works share these same inner conflicts, such as his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† Frost uses â€Å"The Road Not Taken† as poem as a metaphor for the mass amount of travelling that he was doing in the period of his life in which it was written. Between 1909-1915, Frost and his family relocated their home twelve times. They lived in several places on America’s East Coast, including New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and the Virginia-North Carolina border, as well as England, Gloucestershire, and then back to New York. It was during this time of transporting his family back to America that Frost wrote â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Frost speaks of â€Å"Two roads†¦in a yellow wood† and  the decision that he must make in choosing one path over the other. He â€Å"looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth†¦Then took the other, as just as fair,† and scrutinized its possibilities and potential in comparison to the first road. He eventually comes to a decision, deciding to â€Å"[keep] the first for another day! / Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back.† But is he satisfied with his decision? Of course not! â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence: / Two roads diverged in a wood and I – / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.† He is not satisfied with his decision, as is made apparent when he says that he will be â€Å"telling this with a sigh† somewhere in the future. However, one does not have to be satisfied with their decision to accept it. Choosing the â€Å"road less traveled by† â€Å"has made all the difference† in his life, but Frost does not specify that his choice was the one that produced the best possible outcomes in his life. Many of Frost’s poems concern his future and making decisions that will effect the rest of his life. The poem â€Å"An Old Man’s Night† was first published at the same time as â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† It was a time of great unsettlement, both mentally and physically for Frost. Frost was travelling from one city to another trying to establish his roots. His poetry was being received quite well, but his personal life was in a disheveled state. Elinor was becoming ill due to a weak heart and she suffered a miscarriage. Frost feared for her life, as well as fearing the loneliness that seemed to be inevitably looming in his future. He had suffered quite a substantial amount of grief and heartache, and he was terrified of the thought of getting old by himself. He had been known to hear voices in his head as a child, however, Frost remained adamant that these voices had disappeared when he entered adulthood. Most critics, however, agree that Frost refused to admit that the voices still occupied his mind in order to avoid ridicule or institutionalization. The old man in â€Å"An Old Man’s Winter Night,† can be construed to be Frost himself when he states ambiguously, â€Å"All out of doors looked darkly in at him / Through the ‘thin frost’.† The man is old and alone, not able to  remember his reasoning and decisions. He goes into his cellar, but â€Å"what kept him from remembering what it was / that brought him to the creaking room was age. / He stood with barrels round him – at a loss.† The stillness of the house is obvious in the amplification of common noises. He â€Å"scared the cellar under him / In clomping in here†¦and scared the outer night / Which has its sounds, familiar, like the roar / Of trees, and crack of branches, common things. / But nothing so like beating on a box.† Frost feels that without anyone around him in his life, his life would become insignificant, a â€Å"light he [would be] to no one but himself.† He identifies with the darkness, calling the moon â€Å"as better than the sun in any case / For such a charge.† He is able however, to find peace and sleep in the darkness that envelops him. â€Å"The log that shifted with a jolt / Once in the stove disturbed him and he shifted, / And eased his heavy breathing, but still slept.† Although he is not content, he is beginning to accept that this may be a potential outcome of his life. The final lines convey his fear of the future when he says, â€Å"One aged man – one man – can’t keep a house†¦or if he can†¦It’s thus he does it of a winter night.† The darkness and mystery that couple with nighttime are key players in many of Frost’s metaphors. He often uses a winter night as his setting, and most commonly, the speaker is either travelling or walking out in the cold. Frost himself was rumored to be afraid of the dark, but he was also known for taking long walks in the dark. This was a straightforward way of confronting his fears by staring the darkness in the face and standing up to the nighttime that terrified him. After years of this practice, Frost found himself not only comfortable and at ease in the darkness, but he found also that the nighttime was where he became the most content and free from anxiety. Frost was a very contemplative man, and he used his work to convey his inner thoughts and fears. In â€Å"Good Hours,† Robert Frost writes about a late evening walk down a winter lane. The rhyme scheme of this poem is a simple A, A, B, B pattern and is broken down into four stanzas of four lines each. The speaker walks in pensive silence, having â€Å"no one at all with whom to talk.† As he walks down  the winter lane, he personifies the inanimate objects that surround him, and gives light and life to the surroundings that fill the bleak night. The main unification in this poem comes from the recurring themes of darkness, amplification of sound and stillness, and the speaker’s inescapable loneliness. The speaker is feeling isolation from the world around him, and he cannot escape that feeling no matter how hard he tries to disillusion himself that his life follows the same course as the lives of the people that he sees in the cottage windows. The night is lonely and the speaker tells of â€Å"cottages in a row / Up to their shining eyes in snow.† How can a cottage have eyes, the organs of vision, if it does not possess the sense of sight? But to the speaker, the cottages are enormously alive, and the windows are the eyes from which he can see into the cottage’s soul. Eyes themselves do not literally â€Å"shine,† but in this instance, it is literally true to say that the eyes of the cottage were â€Å"shining† from the light within. The inside of the cottages are full of people performing various activities, and although the speaker is not included in the actions of their lives, he feels as though he is a part of it all, â€Å"I thought I had the folk within: / I had the sound of a violin.† The speaker catches a â€Å"glimpse† from behind a veil of â€Å"curtain laces† â€Å"youthful forms and youthful faces.† (This too, can be construed as an image of his children, partially veiled by a shroud of death). He allows himself to become an integral part of the background scenery to such an extent that it satisfies him and keeps his mind occupied. Notice that he never once mentions the bitter cold that should accompany a snowy winter evening. Although he has no human companion with him, the speaker has â€Å"such company outward bound,† that he continues to walk deep into the night until â€Å"there were no cottages found.† He has been in such deep thought that he has not realized that he has reached the end of the town. He turns and realizing that he has been out such a long time and that it is getting very late, â€Å"I saw no window but that was black,† he heads back toward his home. He crosses  the â€Å"slumbering village street† with his â€Å"creaking feet,† a paradox since the street cannot actually rest or sleep because it is not living. An inanimate object does not need sleep or rest, however, when he â€Å"disturbs† the street’s â€Å"slumber,† he feels it is â€Å"like profanation.† He is disrespecting the street and putting it to an improper use at this time of night, â€Å"at ten o’clock of a winter eve,† when everything else in t he town is at rest and still. The street is empty except for one last wanderer still traversing down a lonely lane. Frost deals with recurring themes of darkness, loneliness, death, and uncertainty. Through these themes, Frost reveals himself in candid form. He was a natural born worrier who often got nervous stomachaches. These occurrences became so frequent that eventually they drove him to quit school for several years. He had fears of abandonment in his childhood, which lead to feelings of isolation in adulthood. Both of these projections can be seen in lines from â€Å"Desert Places.† â€Å"I am too absent-spirited to count; / The loneliness includes me unawares.† Frost writes, â€Å"They cannot scare me with their empty spaces / between stars†¦I have it in me so much nearer home / To scare myself with my own desert places.† By making the parallel between Frost’s life and his poetry, we are able to clearly see how his life experiences shaped his poetry. These experiences gave birth to some of his greatest works, and from these works we see the man behind the poetry. We see a man who dealt with more heartbreak, hardships and sorrow than most should have to endure. We see a man who put more effort and soul into his work, than many will ever attempt. And we see a man whose works have inspired many, and will continue to do so for generations to come.

Beef industry in Australia

Beef industry in Australia Introduction The beef industry is the biggest agricultural activity in Australia. Moreover, it is the second biggest beef exporter after Brazil internationally. Every state and territory of Australia sustains breeding of cattle in an extensive scope of climates.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Beef industry in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Australian â€Å"small population means that consumption is low, which allows Australia to export a significant volume of beef each year mainly to Korea, the US, and Japan, while cattle production in the country covers a region of more than 200 million hectares† (Hammond 2006, p.190). The beef industry in Australia achieved an advantage following the detection of BSE (mad cow disease) in Japan, Canada, and the US, since Australia is without the disease. Contrary to breeding systems in different parts of the globe, cattle in Australia feed on pasture as the chief source of food (Bell et al. 2011). The aim of this analysis is to assess the beef industry in Australia, find opportunities, and threats, and recommend ways to better the industry. The beef industry in Australia encounters several challenges like increasing salinity, vegetation control, and degradation of soil among other internal and external factors. The execution of the recommendation practices could necessitate reaction to particular subjects. In degraded regions, re-vegetation could help, or a modification in farming method. This paper discusses the analysis of the industry and recommends ways to reduce emanating threats. Industry analysis At a domestic strategy stage, the macroeconomic as well as the regulatory environment might have a powerful impact on factors of competitiveness of the industry. Domestically, macroeconomic strategy could have an impact on input costs courtesy of its influence on several aspects, for instance, rate of interest and inflation. Worldwide, macroeconomic strategy could have an impact on real exchange rate. A broad range of other environmental factors may affect the effectiveness of the industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental factors that are likely to result in failure or success of the beef industry in Australia are the ones that affect transport, processing, and communication systems as well as the ones that affect access to information and innovation. For the beef industry, the chief primary resource is land for grazing. In the entire land limitation, competition from other farm animals (Dairy industry), crops (cotton and horticulture industry), and non-agricultural activities is crucial (George et al. 2009). The beef industry in Australia encounters great competition from South America in markets like Canada and Korea. Brazil stands as the leading exporter of beef in the world and the second major beef producer following the US. The beef industry in Brazil has grown powerfully in the last decade, with production rising by 36 per cent to 9 million tonnes in year 2009. Over the same period, exports have rose at a much quicker rate, rising by 227 per cent to 1.6 million tonnes. The sturdy growth of the beef industry in Brazil has been the outcome of significant new venture in infrastructure and cattle breeds, which is anticipated to promote growth in the near future. The beef industry in Brazil has a powerful competitive level in international markets where it has access, mainly due to its cheaper cost arrangement. Distress concerning foot-and-mouth disease in several provinces in Brazil has affected the export capacity of Brazilian beef (Ferraz Felà ­cio 2010). Presently, Brazil does not compete with Australia for beef export to Korea, the US, and Japan owing to its foot-and-mouth disease risk. However, if the beef industry in Australia were to spread out it s presence to other markets, mainly in Russia, the Middle East, and Asia it could encounter considerable rivalry from Brazil.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Beef industry in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More India ranks as the third major veal meat and beef exporter after Brazil and Australia. Supplies from the United States’ beef industry could augment with more animals being slaughtered after a drought. Exports from the beef industry in India might make Australia struggle to capture a decent allocation of mushrooming new markets. India, which is one of the most densely inhabited and vegetarian country, witnessed 21 per cent augment in beef production from 2000 and possesses a 63 million head cattle (judge against 26m of Australia). Beside additional beefed up export rivals like Brazil, New Zealand, and the US, India plans to aim rising close markets with mounting victory in a period of five years . As the number of inhabitants in South East Asia is probable to rise by over 32 million people in the next three years, it marks the escalating competition that the Australian beef industry will encounter in supplying these thriving markets. In accordance with Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), beef exports are already tilted to decrease due to intensifying export competition as well as more local cattle existing for slaughter. In accordance with the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APFPEDA), buffalo meat symbolised 86 of the total exports from animal products in 2011. The major markets for buffalo meat from India are the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia. In the aforementioned markets, Australia receives stiff competition owing to the demand of buffalo meat (Kandeepan et al. 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More PESTEL analysis Political and Legal The majority of Asian nations are open to trade but a number of these nations safeguard their farmers with none closed to Australian beef (save for Burma and Korea) and thus tariffs are normally enforced to Australia at rates similar to those of competitors like the US. Nation obligations are stern in various cases (for instance Japan and Indonesia) but Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) impose an authorisation structure for meat export, where the entire meat has to be certified by a supervisor to be allowed to leave the nation, thus guarding the industry (Nederveen Dasgupta 2009). Procedurally, every Asian nation (apart from the abovementioned), have related import systems, there exists traders in Australia operating in every Asian market. China necessitates traceability, initially a market locked to non-incorporated meat-works. Requirement ordered that they start their market, and as a result can export if the record of the bod y is traced to a China-endorsed abattoir. Economic In terms of economic aspects, Asia can be split into strata as shown below: Developed: Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan Newly developed: Thailand, Taiwan, and South Korea High potential: Malaysia, India, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia Developing: North Korea, Burma, and Cambodia Resemblances in Asia comprise wet markets, rising hotel industry, restaurants, and recently started supermarket chains. Every major nation has a rising hotel sector, with numerous foreign dollars originating from tourism and business voyage. There is also a growing domestic dollar obtained from the beef industry also (McSweeney Rayner 2011). The hotel business marked the initial point through which Australian meat got into the majority of Asian markets, instigated by a few distributors, who bought from traders as well as directly. The stride that followed is through the restaurant industries. With respect to general economic climate, recent years have witne ssed noteworthy fluctuations in prices of products and more so beef, cereals, and dairy products. Even as the international economy is going through a phase of uproar owing to a mixture of unpleasant aspects, the prospects for agricultural products on international markets are however promising. Increasing population, better living standards and varying nutritional patterns, mainly in Asia, are all causal factors of higher food demand (Cullen Parboteeah 2009). With their scale of function and cheap production charges, the beef industry in South America carries an actual threat to Australian producers, if permitted free access to European Union markets. Current developments (such as production restrains and export limitations) in conjunction with future revenue growth, mostly in Brazil, are possible to reduce that threat to some extent. Social With regard to social aspects, Asians are famous for being social diners; therefore, the restaurant business in Asia is much more varied and significant as compared to the west. The cultural practices of the Asians in many nations dictate, to some extent, the significance of ‘face’ that is most simply achieved via the dinner habits. Australian red meat is indubitably prevalent in these social occasions and thus considerably contributing to the growth of the beef industry in Australia (Peters et al. 2010). Levels of education are still extensively diverse in Asia; however, food education as well as teaching of chefs is most appropriate to this study. Cooks and chefs in Asia are habitually trained in western ways of cooking, but still a lot of work requires to be done in teaching the food-service sectors the advantages of a wider-variety of products. Technological Asia still differs outrageously in technological developments. China forms an excellent instance of the whole region with cities at the coastal regions competing with the US and Australia with respect to telecommunications, accessibility and affordab ility of expertise, and the application of personal computers, while interior provinces worsen in the accessibility of technology in uneven relationship to economic affluence, which decreases as we shift far from the coasts. Likewise, as technology compares to economic prosperity, so too does the use of imported Australian meat, and its accessibility. Since the Asian ports in China, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam are capable of handling refrigerated, containerised consignment, and present appropriate cold-chain support for delivery of the product, expertise makes it achievable and inexpensive for the supply of Australian beef product in coastal regions. The coastal areas are as well the regions of highest economic development and trade, and thus requirement for meat products, which in most instances are not available in high sufficient number or quality locally (Hammond 2006). The same case applies to the inland. Environmental With regard to Climate Change, Austra lia supports the objectives concurred in 2007 by the Heads of State and Government at Spring European Council and the European Union package on Climate Change and Energy Security (CCES) concurred in 2008. It has as well been consented that the European Union target will augment to a decrease of 30 per cent in the occasion of a global accord on CCES arrived at in Copenhagen in 2009. The projections in 2012 â€Å"estimate that emissions in Australia are probable to bear averaged 575 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent each year† (Keating et al. 2010, p. 108). In a bid to attain total emissions target in Australia of a 5 per cent decrease on 2000 levels by 2020, the country encounters an abatement hardship of 155 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020. Due to the carbon pricing method at hand, the net emissions of Australia are planned to be restricted to 537 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020 and 396 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2030 (derived from t otal 2020 and 2050 targets of Australia). The mechanism is the way through which Australia will achieve its greenhouse gas emissions decrease targets (Browne et al. 2011). While study in this area is in progress, it is obvious that the attainment of Australia’s target offers an alarming challenge. SWOT Analysis Strengths Australia has almost total sickness free status Australia boasts the world’s lowest standing for Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), normally called mad cow disease. Additionally, Australia is mainly free of foot and mouth disease and has no major sicknesses Availability of latest research, innovations, and technology Geographically Australia is gainful as is near Asia while all present competitors are on the opposite side of the world Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) and AQIS imposed minimum values are quite thorough, as each piece of meat exported has to be allowed by AQIS (Pelle 2007). This aspect leads to high quality and reliable product that is essentially certified to be safe, indirectly, by the government of Australia Process and quarantine recognised internationally The Australian beef industry enjoys unrestricted access to all markets Proficient (mainly unguarded) production due to good surroundings, first rate capital and practices Weaknesses Costly land, labour costs, and production that bring about high pricing These elements make it difficult to compete with other countries exporting at lower costs (Keating et al. 2010) Depends on the environment as well as climate, which are both not constant in Australia Short of premium representation in some countries, thus in a number of markets Australian meat is a product, and pricing floats consequently The beef industry is itself is exposed to world pricing The industry is potentially affected by increasing oil prices Unguarded industry Susceptible to (particularly) the United States product when competing Opportunities Chefs from Australia have an opportunity to teach the Asians on making use of Australian product For Singapore, the sub-continent, and Malaysia certification is simply made, the majority of export plants are purely Muslim Kill. A niche requirement in Asia Geographic closeness leaves Australia beneficial against hardening import obligations For instance, three month requirement by Indonesia (Keating et al. 2010) Simple for trade contact, and for customers to draw closer and visit To more develop on the hygienic and green representation, Asians consideration for Australian meat and beef products, likely cultural resemblance for conducting business in Asia Effortlessness of production in Australia provides itself to Difficult nation and commercial obligation Supply for the Asian preferences like both grain as well as grass fed Free Trade Agreement with Singapore, dialogues for Malaysia, China, and Japan that will persuade importers to turn to Australia. International food chains like Mcdonalds tha t support source of their beef as a business point Opportunity as a supply of labour (guest employees) for the Australian beef industry Rising prosperity, boosted intra-continental tourism, and accessibility by visitors for hotel business, increased revenue for purchasing foreign products for local consumption (Keating et al. 2010) Threats Asians could sign Free Trade Agreements with the US and South America that eliminate Australia Likely threat from China, rising production of beef and sheep, and exporting Red meat is not in line with the Kyoto protocol The US competing harder to regain markets like Japan and Korea (Nelson 2009) When it gets over disease setbacks, South America might enter a lot of Asian nations A great workload goes to the beef industry in Australia to major on the external environmental opportunities and find ways of reducing and eliminating negative external and internal environmental threats for it to maintain a leading and thriving status. Failure to do so could cause the progressive decrease in effectiveness of the beef industry (Pethick et al. 2011). Currently, the beef industry has shown a readiness to react. The greatest challenge will be to deal with the effects of change. Strategy Recommendations The major environment associated recommendations of the strategic plan exclusively involve the requirement for better grazing methods and additional on-farm land administration policies (Verbeke et al. 2010). The aims of these strategies should focus at: Attaining noteworthy developments in efficiency and natural supply sustainability pointers through advanced grazing and other administrational strategies Decreasing and reversing the effect of land and water deprivation on the beef industry through proper cultivation and grazing techniques. These can be copied from other well performing nations like Brazil Satisfying the expectations of the society by adopting practices for the water as well as land management The beef industry in Au stralia is a rural industry encountering several developing and growing environmental hardships. The challenges are inevitable, as the industry uses land resources. The increasing salinity, vegetation control and soils matters should be taken through assessments of the impacts that the beef industry has on broader landscape practices. The implementation of recommended practices could necessitate development to react to regionally particular subjects and to emerging subjects. In a number of the more poorly degraded regions, re-vegetation could be needed, or at the extremely best, a modification in farming method (Verbeke et al. 2010). The modifications adopted should be established by the degradation happening. Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) should carry out a Producer Instigated Research and Development (PIRD) plan to satisfy the beef industrys demand for better producer participation in research and development. In line with this plan, MLA can source finances to fund producers sufficiently with a project aimed at bettering the effectiveness and productivity of their farm business through the necessary research and development (Keating et al. 2010). These researches could look at ways of reducing cost of production in a bid to lower cost of the product and satisfactorily compete with countries like the US who offer cheap beef products. Additionally, the research could seek to achieve Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions decrease targets and ensure unchanging climatic conditions. Conclusion The beef industry is the leading agricultural activity in Australia in addition to the country being the second biggest beef exporter after Brazil, globally. Cattle production in Australia makes use of an area of above 200 million hectares. The industry encounters a number of challenges like escalating salinity, vegetation control, and degradation of soil amid other internal and external factors. Besides the challenges, the industry is bestowed with opportunities such as being free of disease and geographic nearness to its markets in Asia. Among other recommendations, financing research and development, re-vegetation, and a modification in farming method could help eliminate threats and ensure that the beef industry in Australia maintains a leading status. Reference List Bell, A, Charmley, E, Hunter, R Archer, J 2011, ‘The Australasian beef industries- Challenges and opportunities in the 21st century’, Animal Frontiers, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 10-19. 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Peters, G, Rowley, H, Wiedemann, S, Tucker, R, Short, M Schulz, M 2010, ‘Red meat production in Australia: Life cycle assessment and comparison with overseas studies’, Environmental science technology, vol. 44 no. 4, pp. 1327-1332. Pethick, D, Ball, A, Banks, R Hocquette, J 2011, ‘Current and future issues facing red meat quality in a competitive market and how to manage continuous improvement’, Animal Production Science, vol. 51 no. 1, pp. 13-18. Verbeke, W, Van Wezemael, L, De Barcellos, M, Kà ¼gler, J, Hocquette, J, Ueland, Ø Grunert, K 2010, ‘European beef consumers’ interest in a beef eating-quality guarantee: Insights from a qualitative study in four EU countries’, Appetite, vol. 54 no. 2, pp. 289-296.